Zhivko Todorov
ALL CASE STUDIES

CASE 12 · HELIX · 2025

KMSMULTI-REGIONENCRYPTIONKEY ROTATION

Eight regions, one key strategy, no manual rotations.

A biotech research platform encrypted everything — S3, RDS, EBS, Secrets Manager — but had grown organically to 340 KMS keys across eight regions with no consistent rotation policy. Some keys were untagged. Two were orphaned. We rebuilt the key strategy from scratch.

INDUSTRY

Biotech research

DOMAIN

SECURITY

DELIVERED

2025

STACK

KMS·KMS MULTI-REGION KEYS·AWS BACKUP·CLOUDTRAIL·CONFIG·AUDIT MANAGER

RESULTS

What changed, by the numbers.

KEYS MANAGED

340 → 47

AFTER CONSOLIDATION

ROTATION COVERAGE

100%

WAS 23%

KEY ADMIN ACCESS

−91%

PRINCIPALS WITH kms:*

COMPLIANCE GAPS

0

WAS 14 FINDINGS

HOW IT WENT

The first inventory pass found two keys with no callers in CloudTrail for over a year — and one of them was tagged "prod-do-not-delete." Nobody knew why. The team had been afraid to clean up, because nobody had time to find out which workload would break.

We classified every key by data sensitivity, mapped the actual callers from CloudTrail, and built a Multi-Region Key strategy for the workloads that genuinely spanned regions (the rest got single-region keys with a documented cross-region restore process). Rotation was enabled on every customer-managed key. Key policies dropped to least-privilege, with grant-based access for short-lived workloads.

The two mystery keys turned out to be from a 2021 prototype that had been wound down. We scheduled them for deletion with a 30-day pending-window and a CloudWatch alarm on `kms:Decrypt` calls. Nothing fired. They were deleted clean.

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